ABSTRACT
Objective@#The objective was to identify the incidence of influenza-like syndromes and related health behavior factors among Beijing residents.@*Methods@#From December 6, 2013 to January 16, 2014, we selected 150 villages or communities from 30 towns or streets as survey locations using a multi-stage random sampling method, and then conducted a cross-sectional study among 7 354 residents who aged 18 years or above and had live in Beijing for more than a half year using self-administered anonymous questionnaires, and totally 7 327 valid questionnaires are collected. The questionnaire consisted of demographic information, self-reported influenza-like syndromes in the past two weeks, and health behaviors. Multiple logistic regression models were used to identify the factors associated with self-reported influenza-like syndromes.@*Results@#The mean (SD) age of the partcipants was 44.6 (15.2) years. Among them, 6.9% (506 cases) reported having influenza like illness during the past two weeks. The multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that regular physical exercise, optimal hand hygiene, and avoidance of going to the crowded places during respiratory infectious disease epidemics were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of reporting influenza-like syndromes, compared with those without regular physical exercises, without optimal hand hygiene, and not avoiding going to the crowded places, and the OR(95%CI) were 0.80 (0.66-0.97), 0.75 (0.57-0.99) and 0.80 (0.65-0.98), respectively.@*Conclusion@#Personal health behaviors were associated with the incidence of respiratory infectious diseases such as influenza in Beijing, and future interventions to improve personal hygiene behaviors are needed to prevent the spread of respiratory infectious diseases.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the characteristics of super-antigen (SAg) of group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS),isolated from patients with scarlet fever or pharyngeal infections in Beijing between 2015-2017.Methods Throat swab specimens from patients with scarlet fever or pharyngeal infections were collected and tested for GAS.Eleven currently known SAg genes including SpeA,speC,speG,speH,speI,speJ,speK,speL,speM,smeZ and ssa were tested by real-time PCR while M protein genes (emm genes) were amplified and sequenced by PCR.Results A total of 377 GAS were isolated from 6 801 throat swab specimens,with the positive rate as 5.5％.There were obvious changes noticed among speC,speG,speH and speK in three years.A total of 45 SAg genes profiles were observed,according to the SAgs inclusion.There were significant differences appeared in the frequencies among two of the highest SAg genes profiles between emml and emml2 strains (x2=38.196,P＜0.001;x 2=72.310,P＜0.001).There also appeared significant differences in the frequencies of speA,speH,speI and speJ between emm 1 and emm 12 strains (x2 =146.154,P＜ 0.001;x2=52.31,P＜0.001;x2=58.43,P＜0.001;x2=144.70,P＜0.001).Conclusions Obvious changes were noticed among SAg genes including speC,speG,speH and speK from patients with scarlet fever or pharyngeal infections in Beijing between 2015-2017.SAg genes including speA,speH,speI and speJ appeared to be associated with the emm 1 and emm 12 strains.More kinds of SAg genes profiles were isolated form GAS but with no significant differences seen in the main SAg genes profiles,during the epidemic period.
ABSTRACT
Objective To establish a classified evaluation system for recognizing the levels of influenza epidemics and to explore the new reporting system on influenza epidemics.Methods The following 3 indicators,including 1) the number of influenza-like illness,2) positive rate of detection on influenza virus nucleic acids,and 3) the number of influenza outbreaks were chosen to calculate the synthetic index and to classify the grades of evaluation.Results 209 weeks during 2013-2017 were classified into 5 grades:Grade 1 were 110 weeks (52.63％),Grade 2 were 47 weeks (22.49％),Grade 3 were 44 weeks (21.05％),Grade 4 were 8 weeks (3.83％),and Grade 5 were 0 week.Conclusion This classified evaluation system provided simple,comprehensive and comparable reference indicators and used for the evaluation on influenza epidemics,also providing suggestions for influenza prevention and control accordingly.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the characteristics of super-antigen (SAg) of group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS),isolated from patients with scarlet fever or pharyngeal infections in Beijing between 2015-2017.Methods Throat swab specimens from patients with scarlet fever or pharyngeal infections were collected and tested for GAS.Eleven currently known SAg genes including SpeA,speC,speG,speH,speI,speJ,speK,speL,speM,smeZ and ssa were tested by real-time PCR while M protein genes (emm genes) were amplified and sequenced by PCR.Results A total of 377 GAS were isolated from 6 801 throat swab specimens,with the positive rate as 5.5％.There were obvious changes noticed among speC,speG,speH and speK in three years.A total of 45 SAg genes profiles were observed,according to the SAgs inclusion.There were significant differences appeared in the frequencies among two of the highest SAg genes profiles between emml and emml2 strains (x2=38.196,P＜0.001;x 2=72.310,P＜0.001).There also appeared significant differences in the frequencies of speA,speH,speI and speJ between emm 1 and emm 12 strains (x2 =146.154,P＜ 0.001;x2=52.31,P＜0.001;x2=58.43,P＜0.001;x2=144.70,P＜0.001).Conclusions Obvious changes were noticed among SAg genes including speC,speG,speH and speK from patients with scarlet fever or pharyngeal infections in Beijing between 2015-2017.SAg genes including speA,speH,speI and speJ appeared to be associated with the emm 1 and emm 12 strains.More kinds of SAg genes profiles were isolated form GAS but with no significant differences seen in the main SAg genes profiles,during the epidemic period.
ABSTRACT
Objective To establish a classified evaluation system for recognizing the levels of influenza epidemics and to explore the new reporting system on influenza epidemics.Methods The following 3 indicators,including 1) the number of influenza-like illness,2) positive rate of detection on influenza virus nucleic acids,and 3) the number of influenza outbreaks were chosen to calculate the synthetic index and to classify the grades of evaluation.Results 209 weeks during 2013-2017 were classified into 5 grades:Grade 1 were 110 weeks (52.63％),Grade 2 were 47 weeks (22.49％),Grade 3 were 44 weeks (21.05％),Grade 4 were 8 weeks (3.83％),and Grade 5 were 0 week.Conclusion This classified evaluation system provided simple,comprehensive and comparable reference indicators and used for the evaluation on influenza epidemics,also providing suggestions for influenza prevention and control accordingly.
ABSTRACT
Objective To reveal the genetic distribution of group A streptococcus progeny(GAS)isolated from children with re-spiratory tract infection in Beijing in 2015.Methods The throat swabs were collected from children with clinical diagnosis of scarlet fever and pharyngeal infection during May to July,2015.16 pediatric outpatient departments or pediatric emergency department of hospitals located in 16 districts of Beijing were enrolled in this study.PCR amplification and gene sequencing were employed.The encoding mature M protein gene(emm)distribution in different condition was compared and analyzed.Results A total of 247 GAS were isolated,including 73(29.6%,73/247)isolates from cases with scarlet fever and 174(70.4%,174/247)isolates from cases with pharyngeal infection.Among all isolates,six genotypes of emm were identified,including emm12(53.4%,132/247),emm1(44. 1%,109/247)and others(emm22,emm75,emm131 and emm241,2.5%,6/247).The significant difference of emm distribution with age was observed in this study:emm1 isolates were dominant in children aged 6-12,whereas emm12 isolates were dominant in chil-dren aged 1-5(P<0.05).While the emm distribution showed no significant difference in groups with different location,gender,and disease pattern(P>0.05).Conclusion Emm1 and emm12 were the circulating genotype of GAS in Beijing children,2015.Moreo-ver,the difference of distribution between emm1 and emm12 was proved in this study.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To analyze the prevalence and drug resistance of mycoplasma pneumoniae in patients with community-acquired pneumonia during 2011-2015 in Beijing.@*Methods@#Totally 2 272 mycoplasma pneumoniae samples were collected from patients with community-acquired pneumonia in 5 sentinel hospitals during 2011-2015. Mycoplasma pneumoniae were detected by real-time PCR. 142 copies of positive samples with Ct value under 30 were cultured to get the strains so that the genotypes based on the P1 gene sequence and the drug resistance based on the in vitro drug resistance test could be conducted. χ2 test was used to compare the detection rates of mycoplasma pneumoniae among different age groups and different onset-phase.@*Results@#The positive rate of mycoplasma pneumoniae was 13.6%(308 cases). The positive rate in groups aging (5-14), (15-24) and ≥60 years old were separately 24.4% (67/275), 24.4% (38/156) and 3.9% (28/727) (χ2=1.22, P<0.001). The annual detection rate of mycoplasma pneumoniae in 2011-2015 were 14.6% (73/501), 10.2% (36/353), 26.4% (101/383), 10.3% (41/398), 9.0% (57/637),respectively (χ2=72.65, P<0.001). Seasonally, the peak of positive rate was between October and December (17.5%, 122/699) and the lowest positive rate was between April and June (8.6%, 43/502). 36 strains were isolated from 142 swabs and 23 (63.9%) were P1-Ⅰ and 13 (36.1%) were P1-Ⅱ by genotyping. All isolates were susceptible to the fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and gatifloxacin) and tetracycline. All P1-Ⅱ strains were susceptible to macrolides while most of the P1-Ⅰ strains (22 strains) were macrolide-resistant.@*Conclusion@#People aging (5-14) and (15-24) years old were more susceptible to mycoplasma pneumoniae in patients with community-acquired pneumonia in Beijing between 2011 and 2015. The highest positive rate of mycoplasma pneumoniae was in 2013 and the case distributed in all seasons. The major popular genotype was P1-Ⅰ, whose strains were mostly macrolide-resistant.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate human exposure to live poultry (poultry feeding and purchasing) in the residents in Beijing and related factors during the second wave of avian influenza A (H7N9) epidemic during 2013-2014, and provide scientific evidence for avian influenza prevention and control. Methods A total of 7366 adults aged ≥18 years were selected through multi-stage stratified sampling in Beijing for a questionnaire survey. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influence factors of human exposure to live poultry. Results The live poultry feeding rate and live poultry purchasing rate in residents in Beijing in the past year were 5.3%(95%CI:4.8%-5.8%) and 6.0% (95%CI: 5.5%-6.5%) respectively. Logistic regression analysis indicated that lower educational level of primary school and below, (OR=1.82, 95%CI:1.22-2.72);being farmer (OR=2.49, 95%CI:1.89-3.29) or being unemployed (OR=1.65, 95%CI:1.08-2.52);being non local resident (OR=1.54, 95%CI:1.10-2.16);living in suburban area (OR=2.36, 95%CI:1.77-3.16);having one child (OR=1.76, 95%CI: 1.42-2.17) or ≥2 children (OR=2.15, 95%CI: 1.43-3.22) in the family were the risk factors associated with feeding poultry compared with higher educational level of college and above, being employed, being local resident, living in urban area and having no child. And being farmer (OR=1.61, 95%CI:1.27-2.02);being non local resident (OR=1.76, 95%CI:1.31-2.35);living in suburban area (OR=2.05, 95%CI:1.61-2.61);having one child (OR=1.24, 95%CI:1.02-1.52) or ≥2 children (OR=1.78, 95%CI: 1.21-2.63) were the risk factors for purchasing live poultry. Conclusion Some residents living in Beijing still have exposure to live poultry, and targeted measures should be taken to reduce the exposure to poultry.
ABSTRACT
Objective This study aimed to explore the incidence trends and onset features of scarlet fever during the years of epidemic,from 2006 to 2015,in Beijing.Methods Spatial,temporal and population distributions,prognosis of the reported cases and surveillance data on scarlet fever and other streptococcal infections (including the patients of streptococcal infection,tonsillitis and isthmitis) were analyzed by the descriptive epidemiological methods.Results A total of 27 987 scarlet fever cases were reported from 2006 to 2015,with the incidence rates as 7.04 to 18.53 per 100 000 persons during these years,except for 2011.A total of 6 152 cases were reported in 2011,with the incidence of 31.37 per 100 000 persons,significantly higher than the average levels of the other years.There were more cases reported in rural-urban continuum,in summer and winter,with most of the cases were children in primary schools and infant-institutes.From May to December in 2011,4 332 cases were interviewed three weeks after the disease onset,and their conditions improved or recovered,with no death or complication appeared at the follow-up period.There were 2 725 cases of scarlet fever and 104 013 clinical cases of streptococcal infections reported in 36 surveillance hospitals during the same period.The ratio between numbers of scarlet fever cases and streptococcal infection was 1 ∶ 38.17.The weekly numbers of scarlet fever were remarkably correlated to the streptococcal infections,with a Pearson's correlation coefficient as 0.729 (P＜0.001).Accordingly,we estimated that about 21.4 thousand clinical cases of streptococcal infections that were caused by Group A streptococcus in 2011,in Beijing.Conclusions Incidence of scarlet fever in 2011 was significantly higher than the average levels of other years in Beijing,but characteristics on spatial,temporal and population distributions of scarlet fever remained the same,with good prognosis of the reported cases.A large number of culture-positive Group A streptococcus infections among all the clinical cases of streptococcal infection might have been served as important source on septic infection,of scarlet fever.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate human exposure to live poultry (poultry feeding and purchasing) in the residents in Beijing and related factors during the second wave of avian influenza A (H7N9) epidemic during 2013-2014, and provide scientific evidence for avian influenza prevention and control. Methods A total of 7366 adults aged ≥18 years were selected through multi-stage stratified sampling in Beijing for a questionnaire survey. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influence factors of human exposure to live poultry. Results The live poultry feeding rate and live poultry purchasing rate in residents in Beijing in the past year were 5.3%(95%CI:4.8%-5.8%) and 6.0% (95%CI: 5.5%-6.5%) respectively. Logistic regression analysis indicated that lower educational level of primary school and below, (OR=1.82, 95%CI:1.22-2.72);being farmer (OR=2.49, 95%CI:1.89-3.29) or being unemployed (OR=1.65, 95%CI:1.08-2.52);being non local resident (OR=1.54, 95%CI:1.10-2.16);living in suburban area (OR=2.36, 95%CI:1.77-3.16);having one child (OR=1.76, 95%CI: 1.42-2.17) or ≥2 children (OR=2.15, 95%CI: 1.43-3.22) in the family were the risk factors associated with feeding poultry compared with higher educational level of college and above, being employed, being local resident, living in urban area and having no child. And being farmer (OR=1.61, 95%CI:1.27-2.02);being non local resident (OR=1.76, 95%CI:1.31-2.35);living in suburban area (OR=2.05, 95%CI:1.61-2.61);having one child (OR=1.24, 95%CI:1.02-1.52) or ≥2 children (OR=1.78, 95%CI: 1.21-2.63) were the risk factors for purchasing live poultry. Conclusion Some residents living in Beijing still have exposure to live poultry, and targeted measures should be taken to reduce the exposure to poultry.
ABSTRACT
Objective This study aimed to explore the incidence trends and onset features of scarlet fever during the years of epidemic,from 2006 to 2015,in Beijing.Methods Spatial,temporal and population distributions,prognosis of the reported cases and surveillance data on scarlet fever and other streptococcal infections (including the patients of streptococcal infection,tonsillitis and isthmitis) were analyzed by the descriptive epidemiological methods.Results A total of 27 987 scarlet fever cases were reported from 2006 to 2015,with the incidence rates as 7.04 to 18.53 per 100 000 persons during these years,except for 2011.A total of 6 152 cases were reported in 2011,with the incidence of 31.37 per 100 000 persons,significantly higher than the average levels of the other years.There were more cases reported in rural-urban continuum,in summer and winter,with most of the cases were children in primary schools and infant-institutes.From May to December in 2011,4 332 cases were interviewed three weeks after the disease onset,and their conditions improved or recovered,with no death or complication appeared at the follow-up period.There were 2 725 cases of scarlet fever and 104 013 clinical cases of streptococcal infections reported in 36 surveillance hospitals during the same period.The ratio between numbers of scarlet fever cases and streptococcal infection was 1 ∶ 38.17.The weekly numbers of scarlet fever were remarkably correlated to the streptococcal infections,with a Pearson's correlation coefficient as 0.729 (P＜0.001).Accordingly,we estimated that about 21.4 thousand clinical cases of streptococcal infections that were caused by Group A streptococcus in 2011,in Beijing.Conclusions Incidence of scarlet fever in 2011 was significantly higher than the average levels of other years in Beijing,but characteristics on spatial,temporal and population distributions of scarlet fever remained the same,with good prognosis of the reported cases.A large number of culture-positive Group A streptococcus infections among all the clinical cases of streptococcal infection might have been served as important source on septic infection,of scarlet fever.
ABSTRACT
Objective To estimate the excess numbers of viral diarrheal cases among children aged ＜5 years in Beijing from 1 January 2011 to 23 May 2015.Methods The excess numbers of diarrheal cases among the children aged ＜5 years were estimated by using weekly outpatient visit data from two children' s hospital in Beijing and adjusted Serfling regression model.Results The incidence peaks of viral diarrhea were during 8th-10th week and 40th-42nd week in 2011,40th-4th week in 2012,43rd-49th week in 2013 and 45th week in 2014 to 11th week in 2015 respectively.The excess numbers of viral diarrheal cases among children aged ＜5 years in the two children's hospital were 911(95％CI:261-1 561),1 998(95％CI:1 250-2 746),1 645 (95％CI:891-2 397),2 806(95％CI:1 938-3 674) and 1 822(95％ CI:614-3 031) respectively,accounting for 40.38％ (95％ CI:11.57％-69.19％),44.21％(95％CI:27.66％-60.77％),45.08％(95％CI:24.42％-65.69％),60.87％ (95％CI:42.04％-79.70％) and 66.62％ (95％CI:22.45％-110.82％) of total outpatient visits due to diarrhea during 2011-2015,respectively.Totally,the excess number of viral diarrheal cases among children aged ＜5 years in Beijing was estimated to be 18 731(95％CI:10 106-27 354) from 2011 to 23 May 2015.Conclusions Winter is the season of viral diarrhea for children aged ＜5 years.The adjusted Serfling regression model analysis suggested that close attention should be paid to the etiologic variation of viruses causing acute gastroenteritis,especially the etiologic variation of norovirus.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the relationship between superantigen and M protein gene (emm)-types genes of Group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) isolated from patients with scarlet fever in Beijing from May 2012 to July 2013 .Methods GAS was isolated from specimens of patients with scarlet fever . Superantigen genes (speA ,speB ,speC ,speF ,speG ,speH ,speI ,speJ ,speL ,speK ,speM ,ssa ,and smeZ) ,and emm gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction .Rate and proportion were compared by chi-square test .Results Of the 423 GAS strains isolated from patients with scarlet fever from 2012 to 2013 ,most of the isolates possessed speB (97 .6% ) ,speC (99 .8% ) ,speF (98 .3% ) ,speG (99 .8% ) , smeZ (94 .1% ) and ssa (88 .4% ) ,and some of them possessed speH (54 .6% ) ,speI (53 .4% ) ,speA (45 .2% ) and speJ (43 .5% ) ,but very few isolates possessed speK (2 .4% ) ,speL (1 .4% ) and speM (1 .7% ) .Type emm12 (59 .5% ) and type emm1 (37 .4% ) were the main types of GAS .Most of the emm12-type isolates possessed speH (84 .8% ) and speI (84 .0% ) compared with only 4 .0% of speH and 3 .4% of speI in type emm1 .Most of type emm1 possessed speA (95 .3% ) and speJ gene (94 .6% ) compared with only 17 .3% of speA and 14 .8% of speJ in type emm12 .The superantigen genes profiles were significant different between emm 1-type and emm 12-type isolates (P< 0 .05) .Conclusion Type emm1 and type emm12 are epidemic strains in patients with scarlet fever from 2012 to 2013 in Beijing ,and emm gene-types are associated with superantigen genes profiles .
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate superantigen gene profiles of group A Streptococcus (GAS) isolated in Beijing pediatric patients in 2014, and to explore the the relationship between superantigen gene profiles with emm types, and GAS infections with diseases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 259 GAS strains were isolated from pediatric patients clinically who diagnosed with scarlet fever and pharyngitis from 36 hospitals in Beijing from May to July, 2014.The Superantigens genes of strains were performed by Real-time PCR (speA, speB, speC, speF, speG, speH, speI, speJ, speK, speL, speM, smeZ, ssa). PCR amplification of GAS strain M protein N gene segments were carried ort; products after sequencing comparison were analyzed to determine the GAS types of emm. The differences in distributions of superantigen genes and emm types of GAS isolates were compared between subgroups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 259 GAS strains, the detection rates of 13 superantigens were as the following: speA 48.6% (126), speB 99.2% (257), speC 99.2% (257), speF 98.8% (256), speG 98.5% (255), speH 43.6% (113), speI 46.3% (120), speJ 49.0% (127), smeZ 99.2% (257) and ssa 98.5% (255), respectively, however, speK, speL, and speM were not found. Eleven superantigen gene profiles in all were observed (A-K). The percentage of emm1 strains harbored spe A and speJ were 94.2% (113/120), 95.0% (114/120), respectively, which were significantly higher than those of emm12 strains (5.6% (7/124), 5.6% (7/124), respectively; χ(2) = 191.20, 194.80, P < 0.001). The percentage of emm12 strains harbored speH and speI were 83.9% (104/124), 88.7% (110/124), respectively, which were significantly higher than those of emm1 strains (3.3% (4/120), 4.2% (5/120), respectively; χ(2) = 160.30, 174.90, P < 0.001).The superantigen genotypes of GAS strains and emm types, which were isolated from scarlet fever and pharyngitis cases, were not significant different (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The GSA strains isolated in Beijing pediatric patients in 2014, the relevance ratio of speB, speC, speF, smeZ, speG, ssa were higher than others, while speK, speL, and speM were no detected in any GAS strains. The superantigen genes appeared to be associated with the emm type. Furthermore, emm type distribution and superantigen genes were not different between scalet fever and pharyngitis.</p>
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Antigens, Bacterial , Genetics , Beijing , Genotype , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Streptococcal Infections , Microbiology , Streptococcus pyogenes , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Superantigens , GeneticsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the distribution of emm gene types related to group A streptococcus-caused scarlet fever among children in Beijing and to analyze the relationship between the mutation of the emm types and scarlet fever.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from the scarlet fever cases diagnosed in 36 hospitals in Beijing to isolate the GAS strains from May to July, betgween 2011 and 2014. Genotyping of emm gene was performed with PCR and N-terminal gene fragments of M protein were sequenced. Data of all the scarlet fever cases in Beijing that reported through the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance System (NNIDSS) , were gathered and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the collected 2 161 nasopharyngeal swabs, 762 GAS strains were identified (35.3%). In addition, 7 emm types were detected, in which emm12 accounted for 69.4% (529/762) , emm1 accounted for 29.8% (227/762) , and other five types (emm 11, 22, 75, 89, and 128) accounted for 0.8% (6/762) , respctively. Compared with the emm types detected between 2011 and 2014, emm12, emm1 and other types accounted for 82.2% (295/359) , 16.7% (60/359) and 1.1% (4/359, including emm11, 22 and 89) in 2011 respectively.emm12, emm1 and emm75 accounted for 77.3% (123/163) , 23.9% (39/163) and 0.6% (1/163) respectively in 2012. emm12 and emm1 accounted for 50.7% (38/75) and 49.3% (37/75) in 2013 while emm12, emm1 and emm128 accounted for 44.2% (73/165) , 55.2% (91/165) and 0.6% (1/165) respectively in 2014. The differences of the constitution of emm types from 2011 to 2014 appeared statistically significant (P<0.001). In 2011 and 2012, major type appeared as emm12, but in 2014, emm1 became predominant. A total of 6 152 cases were reported in 2011, while 2 908, 2 048 and 3 918 cases were reported in 2012, 2013 and 2014 respectively. Age specific differences were noticed in the distribution of emm types GAS strains in 2011, with the number of emm12 strains detected higher in 1-5 year olds than in age group > 5 years (P<0.05). There were area specific differences in distribution of emm types of GAS strains seen in 2011 and 2013. In 2011, the number of emm1 strains detected in urban area was higher than in suburb area (P<0.05). However, in 2013, the number of emm1 strains detected in suburb area was seen higher than in urban area (P< 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>GAS with emm12 and GAS emm1 appeared interchangeably predominant in Beijing from 2011 to 2014. Changes in predominant emm types seemed also related to the trends of incidence rates on scarlet fever.</p>
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Antigens, Bacterial , Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins , Beijing , Epidemiology , Carrier Proteins , Genotype , Mutation , Scarlet Fever , Epidemiology , Genetics , Streptococcus pyogenes , Classification , GeneticsABSTRACT
A multi-stage stratified sampling method and a self-designed questionnaire were used to evaluate the prevalence of conjunctivitis symptoms and associated factors among the Beijing residents.In total,12 890 residents aged over 18 years were recruited from 6 districts.The reported prevalence of conjunctivitis symptom at the last years was 1.60％.Self-reported health condition and personal health behaviors were risk factors associated with conjunctivitis among adult Beijing residents.No significant difference existed between different districts,age groups,educational levels,gender and races.Conjunctivitis symptom among Beijing residents was related with health condition and health behaviors.More measures should be taken to cultivate the health model of behaviors.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the prevalence of super-antigens (SAgs) of group A streptococcus (GAS)isolated from Beijing pediatric patients in 2011, and to explore the relationship between emm types, characteristics of patients and SAgs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 635 isolates of GAS were collected from children in 36 hospitals in Beijing from May to July, 2011. Thirteen currently known SAg genes were tested by real-time PCR, and emm gene was performed by PCR and sequencing of N-terminal gene fragments of M protein.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Prevalence rates of 13 SAg genes speA, speB, speC, speF, speG, speH, speI, speJ, speK, speL, speM, smeZ, ssa were 22.4%, 100.0%, 99.4%, 99.7%, 99.7%, 76.4%, 76.2%, 21.7%,0.6%, 1.1%, 2.2%, 99.7% and 98.0%, respectively. A total of 26 SAgs profiles were observed according to the SAgs inclusion. There were significant differences in frequencies of speA, speH, speI and speJ between emm1 and emm12 strains (P < 0.05). In isolates from patients with pharyngeal infection, the prevalence rates for speK and speL were higher while the frequency for ssa was lower than that from scarlet fever cases (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The frequencies of speB, speF, smeZ, speG, speC, and ssa were high among strains isolated while speM, speL and speK were relatively low from children in Beijing, 2011. SAg genes appeared to be associated with the emm types. In this study, differences of frequency for speA and speC from strains collected from patients with scarlet fever and pharyngeal infection had not been found.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Antigens, Bacterial , Genetics , China , Epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Streptococcal Infections , Epidemiology , Microbiology , Streptococcus pyogenes , Genetics , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
To assess the level of health skills relating to infectious diseases among residents in Beijing and develop more effective strategies for controlling infectious diseases.We conducted a multistage sampling,retrospective cross-sectional survey of residents aged 18 and above from 6 districts by selfadministered and anonymous questionnaires in January 2011.The questionnaires consisted of health skills relating to infectious diseases.A total of 13 042 respondents completed the survey.The proportions of people with the skills for acquiring knowledge about infectious diseases,being able to read medicinal package insert,being able to read brochures with regard to basic knowledge about infectious diseases, being able to read laboratory test report andproper use of thermometer were 57.7％,71.0％,70.2％,47.9％ and 76.8％ respectively.The levels of health skills were different among different populations (P ＜0.01).A low level of health skills was observed among the poorly-educated people and elders.Therefore measures such as health education and skills training about infectious diseases should be taken to improve the health skills.